Methamphetamine addiction is a dangerous and lethal condition that affects everyone, not just the user. Often referred to simply as “meth,” this powerful stimulant creates intense euphoric effects.
Understanding what meth is, how it works and the risks associated with its use is important for anyone who’s looking for support for themselves or loved ones.
Here, we’ll explore the nature and signs of meth addiction, its effects on the brain and the body and the treatment options available. Whether you’re seeking help for yourself or someone else, you’ll find everything you need to begin recovering from meth addiction.
Key Points
- Methamphetamine is a Schedule II central nervous system stimulant. About 2.6 million people aged 12 or older in the U.S. used meth in the past year, according to the 2023 NSDUH.
- Meth floods the brain with dopamine, which is why use can rapidly progress to physical dependence, tolerance, and methamphetamine use disorder (MUD).
- Withdrawal from meth is rarely life-threatening but is intensely uncomfortable. Acute symptoms typically last 1 to 2 weeks, with cravings and mood changes lasting longer.
- Psychostimulants, primarily meth, were involved in nearly 34,900 U.S. overdose deaths in 2023. Around 70% of those deaths also involved illicit fentanyl.
- No medication is FDA approved for methamphetamine use disorder. Behavioral therapies like the Matrix Model, CBT, and contingency management have the strongest evidence base.
- Treatment works. People who complete 90 or more days of treatment have roughly double the long-term abstinence rate of those who complete less.
In This Article:
- What is methamphetamine addiction?
- How meth affects the brain and body
- Meth overdose and polysubstance risk
- Signs and symptoms of meth addiction
- Evidence-based treatment options
- Levels of care and program types
- Specialized and holistic approaches
- Choosing a meth treatment center
- Life in recovery
- Meth addiction FAQs
- Find meth addiction treatment centers near you
What Is Methamphetamine Addiction?
Methamphetamine addiction, clinically called methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), is a chronic condition in which a person continues to use meth despite serious harm to their health, relationships, or daily functioning. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration classifies methamphetamine as a Schedule II controlled substance because of its high potential for misuse and dependence. With evidence-based behavioral therapy and ongoing support, MUD is highly treatable.
Methamphetamine is a synthetic central nervous system stimulant in the same drug family as amphetamine, the active ingredient in prescription medications like Adderall. Compared with most other stimulants, methamphetamine reaches the brain faster and stays in the body longer. That combination is part of why meth is considered one of the most addictive substances of misuse, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
A small amount of methamphetamine is manufactured legally for the prescription drug Desoxyn, used in very limited medical situations. The vast majority of meth in circulation in the U.S. is produced illegally, often in clandestine labs or imported from international sources. Illicit meth comes in several forms that vary in purity, appearance, and how they are used.
Types of Meth
How meth is prepared and how a person takes it affects how quickly it acts, how intense its effects are, and how fast use can progress to a use disorder. The most common forms of methamphetamine include:
- Crystal meth (ice): The most potent and most common illicit form of methamphetamine. Crystal meth appears as clear or bluish-white crystalline shards that look like glass or rock candy. It is typically smoked or dissolved and injected, both of which produce a fast, intense high that contributes to its very high addiction potential.
- Speed: The powdered form of methamphetamine, ranging in color from off-white to yellow, brown, or pink depending on how it was manufactured. Speed can be swallowed, snorted, or dissolved and injected. It is generally less pure than crystal meth but still highly addictive, particularly when snorted or injected.
- Base: A damp, waxy, or gritty form of meth that is more potent than speed but less refined than crystal. Base is most often swallowed or injected. Its higher purity carries a greater risk of overdose, dependence, and physical harm than typical speed.
- Desoxyn: The brand name for prescription methamphetamine hydrochloride, FDA-approved for severe ADHD that has not responded to other treatments and, in limited cases, short-term treatment of obesity. Even when prescribed and used as directed, Desoxyn carries the same risk of misuse and addiction as other forms of methamphetamine, which is why prescriptions are tightly restricted and closely monitored. People who misuse Desoxyn or take it without a prescription face the same use disorder risks as those using illicit meth.
The faster meth enters the bloodstream, the faster it reaches the brain and the more intense its effects on the brain’s reward system. That mechanism is the key reason meth is so addictive and so hard to stop using without help.
How Meth Affects the Brain and Body
Methamphetamine triggers a large, fast release of dopamine in the brain’s reward system. That dopamine surge produces the intense euphoria associated with meth use and rapidly reinforces repeated use, which is the foundation of how dependence and methamphetamine use disorder develop, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Short-Term Effects of Meth
Meth is a powerful central nervous system stimulant. The body and brain absorb meth quickly. Short-term effects often appear within minutes and can last for hours.
Even at small doses, meth can produce all of the following short-term effects:
- Increased wakefulness and physical activity: People may stay awake for hours or days at a time, a pattern often called a “run.”
- Decreased appetite: Meth suppresses hunger, contributing to rapid weight loss with frequent use.
- Faster breathing, rapid or irregular heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure: These cardiovascular effects raise the risk of stroke, heart attack, and arrhythmia.
- Hyperthermia: Body temperature can rise to dangerous levels, sometimes causing seizures or organ damage.
- Intense euphoria followed by a crash: Smoked or injected meth produces a quick, short “rush,” then a fast drop that drives repeat use.
Long-Term Effects of Meth Use
Chronic meth use can change brain structure and function in ways that persist long after the last use, including reduced motor coordination, impaired verbal learning, and emotional and cognitive problems. The NIDA reports some of these changes can begin to reverse after extended abstinence, while others may take longer or never fully resolve.
- Severe dental problems often called “meth mouth,” including tooth decay, gum disease, and tooth loss caused by dry mouth, jaw clenching, poor nutrition, and hygiene neglect.
- Skin sores and infections caused by repeated scratching from hallucinations of “bugs” under the skin.
- Persistent psychotic symptoms including paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions that can continue for months or years after a person stops using.
- Memory loss, anxiety, and aggressive or violent behavior tied to changes in dopamine and serotonin signaling.
- Higher risk of stroke, heart attack, and Parkinson’s disease with long-term use.
- Increased risk of HIV and hepatitis B and C from injection use and from sexual behaviors linked to meth use.
Meth is also chemically related to other stimulants. People who use meth often have a history of using cocaine, prescription stimulants, or both, which can complicate both the clinical picture and treatment planning.
Meth Overdose and Polysubstance Risk
Meth overdose is a medical emergency. It can cause stroke, heart attack, dangerously high body temperature, seizures, organ failure, and death, especially when meth is combined with other substances. In 2023, around 70% of stimulant-involved overdose deaths in the U.S. also involved illicit fentanyl, according to NIDA analysis of CDC WONDER data.
2.6 Million
An estimated 2.6 million people aged 12 or older in the U.S. used methamphetamine in the past year (SAMHSA NSDUH, 2023).
34,855 Deaths
U.S. overdose deaths involving psychostimulants, primarily meth, in 2023 (NIDA / CDC WONDER, 2024).
Call 911 immediately if you suspect a meth overdose. Stay with the person until help arrives.
Signs of Meth Overdose
Signs of stimulant toxicity from meth use can come on quickly. Symptoms documented by the NIDA and clinical literature include:
- Chest pain, very fast or irregular heartbeat
- Very high blood pressure
- Dangerously high body temperature, heavy sweating, or seizures
- Severe agitation, confusion, paranoia, or hallucinations
- Stroke-like symptoms such as slurred speech, sudden weakness, or vision changes
- Loss of consciousness or stopped breathing
Fentanyl Contamination in the Meth Supply
Illicit fentanyl is frequently found in the meth supply, sometimes intentionally mixed in and sometimes through contamination during manufacturing. Because powdered fentanyl looks like powdered meth, a person can take what they believe is a typical dose and receive a lethal one without realizing it.
Naloxone (Narcan) does not reverse a meth overdose, but it should still be administered if a stimulant overdose is suspected. Naloxone will reverse the fentanyl portion of a polysubstance overdose, and it does not harm a person who has not taken opioids, per SAMHSA.
- Call 911 and tell the dispatcher what was used, if known.
- Give naloxone if opioids could be involved (any street drug now can be).
- Cool the body if the person is overheated, using a cool damp cloth or fan if available.
- Move sharp objects out of the way if the person is seizing. Do not place anything in their mouth.
- Stay with them until emergency responders arrive.
Good Samaritan laws in most states protect people who call 911 to help someone overdosing, even if drugs are present at the scene. Reducing the risk of a future overdose, including with harm reduction tools like fentanyl test strips and access to naloxone, is part of a comprehensive recovery plan.
Signs and Symptoms of Meth Addiction
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is the clinical name for meth addiction. A diagnosis is based on the DSM-5 criteria for stimulant use disorder, which look at patterns of use, loss of control, and the impact of use on a person’s life and health over the past 12 months. Severity ranges from mild (2 to 3 criteria) to severe (6 or more), and the disorder can be present without obvious physical signs.
Behavioral and Physical Signs of Meth Use
Visible signs of meth use vary by frequency, dose, route, and how long someone has been using. Common signs include:
- Hyperactivity and rapid speech followed by long crash periods of heavy sleep
- Significant weight loss from suppressed appetite
- Dilated pupils, jaw clenching, and twitchy movements
- Sores on the face or arms from picking and scratching
- Severe dental problems referred to as “meth mouth”
- Mood swings, paranoia, or aggression
- Skipping meals, work, or social obligations to use or recover from use
When Meth Use Becomes Meth Use Disorder
Not everyone who uses meth has a use disorder, but the line is thinner than with many other substances because of how quickly meth changes the brain’s reward system. Indicators that use has progressed to a disorder include:
- Using more meth, or using more often, than intended
- Wanting to cut back but being unable to
- Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from meth
- Strong cravings between use
- Use that interferes with work, school, or family responsibilities
- Continued use despite physical, mental health, or relationship harm
- Needing more meth to feel the same effect (tolerance)
- Withdrawal symptoms when use stops
If you are seeing more than one or two of these patterns in yourself or a loved one, a clinical assessment is the right next step. Meth use disorder is highly treatable, and the earlier care begins, the better the outcomes.
Overcoming meth addiction begins with withdrawal and detoxification. This stage can be physically and emotionally difficult and require supportive environments. Medical oversight is often crucial when going through meth withdrawal and detox. Since meth significantly alters dopamine production in the brain, the absence of the drug creates an intense crash that leads to deep fatigue, emotional distress, and strong cravings.
Call A Treatment Provider
For a conversation about what treatment options are available to you.
Make a Call
800-985-8516
Sponsored Helpline
Meth Withdrawal Timeline & Common Symptoms
Meth withdrawal can differ from person to person. Your symptoms may vary depending on other physical or mental health issues, the severity of your addiction and the amount of time you’ve been using.
Typically, people addicted to meth experience the following withdrawal timeline:
- Crash (24 to 72 hours): The crash period typically begins about 24 hours after your last use. You may experience several symptoms, such as hypersomnia (sleeping more often than normal), anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure), fatigue and low motivation.
- Intense cravings (days 3 to 5): Cravings are often the most intense during the third to fifth day of withdrawal. Relapse is common during this period.
- Sub-acute withdrawal (weeks 2 to 3): During the sub-acute withdrawal period, you may become irritable and experience intense meth cravings, mood swings, anxiety and depression.
- Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (may last for several months): Also known as PAWS, post-acute withdrawal syndrome symptoms may include cognitive issues, emotional numbness and ongoing sleep disturbances.
Medical Detox: What to Expect
In many cases, medical detox is essential for making it through the withdrawal process.
When you enter medical detox, your treatment team talks with you about your addiction and withdrawal symptoms and goes over your medical history.
Care during detox typically includes:
- 24/7 monitoring of vital signs to ensure you’re going through the withdrawal process as safely and comfortably as possible.
- Hydration support and vitamin supplementation to provide you with the nutrients you need to revitalize your health as drugs and alcohol leave your body.
- Ongoing medical monitoring for serious issues that can occur during detox, such as cardiomyopathy and suicidal ideation, as well as medical treatment to address issues promptly.
- Comfort medications like mirtazapine for sleep disturbances and propranolol to manage anxiety and agitation.
Managing Cravings & PAWS
Meth addiction is often framed through the “dopamine deficiency” model.
Since meth severely disrupts dopamine production and receptor activity, people in recovery from MUD may struggle with low motivation and pleasure. This can lead to an increased risk of relapse without proper support.
Many methamphetamine addiction treatment programs utilize a variety of treatment modalities to combat cravings and post-acute withdrawal syndrome, including:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Commonly used for addiction treatment, CBT helps you explore thought patterns that have led to undesired behaviors. Over time, your therapist will work with you to change your thought patterns, allowing you to create new patterns of behavior that support your ongoing sobriety.
Physical Activity
Regular exercise can support your ongoing sobriety. Many substance use disorder therapists encourage regular physical activity to boost feel-good chemicals and deal with stress.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
Bupropion isn’t FDA-approved for meth addiction, but some studies suggest it may reduce cravings and improve mood.
Evidence-Based Treatment Options
Meth addiction is best treated through evidence-based approaches tailored to each person’s needs. Key behavioral therapies and emerging medications offer hope for those in recovery.
Behavioral Therapies: Matrix Model, CBT and Contingency Management
Behavioral therapy works to change the actions that keep you stuck in the cycle of addiction.
Some of the behavioral therapies most commonly used in meth addiction treatment include:
- Matrix model: This structured program runs up to 16 weeks and combines individual and group sessions, relapse prevention, family education and drug testing. Studies show that people who complete a matrix model treatment program are 38% more likely to stay in treatment than those who participate in traditional treatment methods.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy: Also known as CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy helps people living with addiction examine the thoughts that lead to drug use and other undesired behaviors. By identifying troubling thought patterns, your therapist and you create new thought patterns while also establishing behaviors that support your ongoing sobriety.
- Contingency management: This type of treatment program offers tangible rewards like vouchers that can be exchanged for goods or entertainment, gift cards, cash and entries into prize drawings for staying sober. A meta-analysis showed that participants in contingency management programs had double the rate of abstinence than those who participated in traditional treatment methods alone.
Emerging & Off-Label Medications
No medication is currently approved by the FDA to treat meth addiction. But some physicians prescribe medication off-label for those beginning recovery.
Prescribing a medication off-label means the physician believes it could be useful for a condition other than the one(s) it’s currently approved for.
Some medications currently used off-label for the treatment of meth addiction include:
- Naltrexone and bupropion: A clinical trial showed that the combination of naltrexone and bupropion therapy led to significantly higher abstinence rates than placebo treatment.
- Lisdexamfetamine: Commonly used for ADHD, it’s being studied as a potential treatment for stimulant use disorder.
- Mirtazapine: This medication shows some promise for reducing meth use in certain populations, but further research is needed.
Support Groups & 12-Step Programs
Peer support groups allow you to feel less alone in your recovery, and build the strong community that you need to stay on course when life gets hard. More support groups are available online so you can get help in a way that’s convenient for you.
Some commonly offered support groups for people working to recover from meth addiction include:
- Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA): CMA is a 12-step fellowship designed specifically to support those in recovery from meth addiction.
- SMART Recovery: This non-religious support group focuses on utilizing science-based recovery tools and self-empowerment techniques.
Levels of Care & Program Types
Recovery from meth addiction typically requires a structured approach.
Your care team works with you to create a personalized treatment plan, as there’s no one-size-fits-all recovery. Choosing the right level of care depends on the severity of your addiction, your personal circumstances and the support systems you have available at home and in your social circle.
The rate of relapse is up to 40% lower for people who engage in sober living or aftercare after they graduate from inpatient or outpatient rehab programs.
Levels of care for meth addiction include:
- Inpatient/residential rehab: This level of care offers 24/7 support in a structured environment. Most people stay in residential care for 28 to 45 days. Inpatient rehab is ideal for those who are living with moderate to severe substance use disorders or those who have unsafe or unsupportive home environments. When searching for an inpatient facility, it’s important to prioritize options that offer onsite detox and a low client-to-staff ratio.
- Partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient treatment: These programs allow clients to receive intensive treatment during the day while returning home at night. Partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs are ideal for those who need structured care but have strong support systems at home. These services are often covered by insurance under parity laws for mental health and substance use disorder treatment.
- Standard outpatient and telehealth services: Telehealth services are best for those with mild substance use disorder or those who live in rural areas or have barriers to accessing more intensive levels of substance use disorder treatment.
- Sober living and aftercare: Many people in recovery benefit from living in transitional housing for 2-12 months following inpatient or outpatient treatment. Clients receive peer accountability, random drug testing and support meetings. Sober living and aftercare programs often allow clients to be part of an alumni network for ongoing support.
Specialized & Holistic Approaches
Many treatment centers work to incorporate holistic care into the rehab process. Holistic care tackles the full spectrum of meth addiction and discover coping strategies to maintain your sobriety once you return to daily life.
Dual-Diagnosis (Mental Health + Meth Use Disorder)
Meth addiction often co-occurs with depression, anxiety and psychotic disorders. Dual diagnosis treatment facilities offer care for mental health issues and substance use disorders at the same time. This improves the likelihood that you’ll complete treatment—and that you’ll stay sober after treatment ends.
Treatment in a dual diagnosis facility may include integrated psychiatry appointments, SSRI medications to support mental health needs and antipsychotics for persistent psychosis that can follow meth addiction.
Trauma-Informed & Family Therapy
Many people starting recovery from meth addiction have experienced trauma before or during their active addiction.
Trauma-informed therapy works to support healing, and family behavior therapy creates healthy and communicative family systems that can break negative patterns and provide you with ongoing support.
Some trauma-informed and family-based therapeutic methods often used to support clients in rehab include:
- Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: This trauma-informed therapy helps the brain reprocess traumatic memories, allowing trauma to impact you less severely.
- Seeking Safety: Seeking Safety is an evidence-based therapeutic treatment to assist people in coping with addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder and trauma.
- Family behavior therapy: Your therapist may recommend involving your family in therapy to address negative communication patterns and work through generational and relational trauma. Research shows that those addicted to meth who engage in family therapy have a 60% lower rate of meth use six months after completing treatment.
Holistic Therapies (Nutrition, Exercise, Mindfulness)
Holistic therapies address the body, mind and spirit to create a solid recovery foundation.
Holistic methods that can benefit those in recovery from meth addiction include:
- Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP): This type of treatment combines cognitive therapy with mindfulness activities to reduce relapse risk.
- Exercise: Physical activity, such as yoga, jogging, playing sports and strength training, can reduce stress and increase dopamine levels, lowering the likelihood of relapse.
- Nutrition repair: Many people in active addiction suffer nutritionally. Nutrition repair therapy focuses on foods rich in protein, omega-3s and antioxidants to heal the brain and body.
Choosing a Meth Treatment Center
When looking for a rehab facility, you’ll want to look for evidence-based, individualized treatment protocols, experienced staff members, and dual-diagnosis capabilities. Be sure to learn about the levels of care offered, aftercare planning, and mental health/trauma support services at each facility you’re considering for your care.
Cost is also an important factor to consider as you’re choosing a treatment facility for substance use disorder. Your health insurance plan may cover some or all of your treatment. Many addiction treatment facilities accept private insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare.
Sliding fee scales and payment plans may be available if you don’t have health insurance coverage. Be sure to verify your expenses and total costs before committing to a detox and/or rehab program.
Some questions you may want to ask potential treatment providers include:
- Is your program licensed and accredited?
- Are the staff members trained specifically in treating meth addiction and dual diagnoses?
- What types of therapy and support are offered?
- How is aftercare handled?
- What outcomes does the program track and report?
Life in Recovery
Recovery is not a single destination or an achievement. It’s an ongoing journey and process that requires daily attention. Building a fulfilling, drug-free life takes time and persistence.
Relapse Prevention & Coping Skills
Your treatment team will work with you to develop skills and habits that support life in recovery, including:
Urge Surfing
Just like surfing on a wave, the urge to use has a rise, peak and receding period. Practicing urge surfing involves acknowledging and accepting urges to use while monitoring the physical and mental sensations that occur as the urge rises. Witnessing the natural fall of the urge can build resilience and confidence to stay sober long-term.
HALT
Trigger awareness helps you understand and avoid the standard triggers for use, including feeling Hungry, Angry, Lonely or Tired. When you understand your triggers, you can avoid them and deal with them when they arise.
Structured Daily Routine
During rehab, you’ll practice a structured daily routine that you’ll be able to continue after you leave treatment to help create healthy habits while managing stress.
Building a Support Network & Recovery Capital
During and after treatment, you’ll need to build a support network and “recovery capital.” This is a collection of valuable tangible and intangible resources that provide support in your sobriety.
Your care team will help secure housing and employment assistance, and peer mentors can address social determinants that could negatively affect your sobriety. Engaging in online and in-person support communities aids you to get structure and care to stay sober.
Long-Term Outlook & Success Rates
The bottom line: treatment works.
People who complete 90 or more days of treatment have double the abstinence rate at 12 months after rehab compared to those who completed shorter durations of treatment, or who did not complete treatment at all.
Addiction is a chronic condition that can be well-managed. Relapse does not equal failure. In many cases, relapse is a part of the recovery trajectory.
Meth Addiction FAQs
Meth can stay in your system for up to 72 hours. It depends on several factors including dose, frequency of use, and individual metabolism. In chronic users, meth and its byproducts can be detected in urine for a week or longer.
Signs include hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, and disorganized thinking. These symptoms may persist even after cessation of use.
There are no FDA-approved medications for meth addiction. But research supports off-label use of medications like bupropion and naltrexone. Behavioral therapies remain the cornerstone of treatment.
Approach them with empathy and avoid judgment. Encourage open dialogue, provide information about treatment options and consider interventions led by trained professionals.
Meth and cocaine are both stimulants that flood the brain with dopamine, but meth’s effects last much longer, often 8 to 24 hours compared with about 30 minutes for cocaine, according to NIDA. The longer half-life means more sustained changes in brain chemistry, which is one reason meth use can move so quickly to a use disorder.
Withdrawal from meth alone is rarely fatal, but it is not safe in every case. Severe depression and suicidal thoughts are documented risks during the crash phase, and people with heart conditions, untreated mental illness, or polysubstance use may need medical detox to manage complications. If someone in withdrawal expresses thoughts of self-harm, treat it as a medical emergency and call 911 or the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline.
For most people, acute meth-induced psychosis resolves with abstinence and treatment, often within days to weeks. However, in chronic users, paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions can persist for months or even years after the last use, per the SAMHSA stimulant resource. Persistent psychotic symptoms are treated with antipsychotic medication, integrated dual diagnosis care, and continued sobriety.
Lead with concern, not ultimatums, and avoid confronting a loved one while they are intoxicated. Education, family therapy, and a professionally guided intervention can shift the dynamic without escalating conflict. Resources for family-focused recovery can also help you stay grounded while your loved one works toward accepting help.
Find Meth Addiction Treatment Centers Near You
Use the national directory at Rehab.com to locate meth addiction treatment programs in your area. You can filter results by location, level of care, insurance coverage and special programs.
Not sure where to start? Call the number below to talk to someone about your treatment options and see if your insurance will cover rehab.
Call A Treatment Provider
For a conversation about what treatment options are available to you.
Make a Call
800-985-8516Sponsored Helpline
Nearby Drug Rehab Centers
Finding facilities near you…
References
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP24-07-021). samhsa.gov/data/report/2023-nsduh-annual-national-report
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Methamphetamine DrugFacts. nida.nih.gov/research-topics/methamphetamine
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures. CDC WONDER data. nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 2003-2023 (NCHS Data Brief No. 522). cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db522.htm
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2024). Stimulants. samhsa.gov/substance-use/learn/stimulants
- Rawson, R. A., Marinelli-Casey, P., et al. (2004). A multi-site comparison of psychosocial approaches for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Addiction, 99(6), 708-717. (Matrix Model treatment retention findings.)
- Trivedi, M. H., Walker, R., Ling, W., et al. (2021). Bupropion and Naltrexone in Methamphetamine Use Disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(2), 140-153. nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2020214
- Ronsley, C., Nolan, S., Knight, R., et al. (2020). Treatment of stimulant use disorder: A systematic review of reviews. PLOS One, 15(6). (Contingency management evidence base.)
